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The psychology of reasoning is the study of how people reason, often broadly defined as the process of drawing conclusions to inform how people solve problems and make decisions.〔Leighton, J. P. (2004). Defining and describing reason, in ''The Nature of Reasoning'' (eds Leighton, J. P. and Sternberg, R. J.) Cambridge University Press〕 It is at the intersection of psychology, philosophy, linguistics, cognitive science, artificial intelligence, logic, and probability theory. Psychological experiments on how humans and other animals reason have been carried out for over 100 years. An enduring question is whether or not people have the capacity to be rational. What does it mean to be rational? Current research in this area addresses various questions about reasoning, rationality, judgments, intelligence, relationships between emotion and reasoning, and development. ==Everyday reasoning== How do people reason about sentences in natural language? Most experimentation on deduction has been carried out on hypothetical thought, in particular, examining how people reason about conditionals, e.g., ''If A then B''.〔Evans, J.St.B.T., Newstead, S. and Byrne, R.M.J. (1993). Human Reasoning: ''The Psychology of Deduction''. Hove, UK, Psychology Press〕 Participants in experiments make the modus ponens inference, given the indicative conditional ''If A then B'', and given the premise ''A'', they conclude ''B''. However, given the indicative conditional and the minor premise for the modus tollens inference, ''not-B'', about half of the participants in experiments conclude ''not-A'' and the remainder concludes that nothing follows.〔 The ease with which people make conditional inferences is affected by content, as demonstrated in the well-known selection task developed by Peter Wason. Participants are better able to test a conditional that contains sensible content, e.g., ''if the envelope is sealed then it must have a 50 cent stamp on it'' compared to one that contains symbolic content, e.g.,'' if the letter is a vowel then the number is even''.〔 Background knowledge can also lead to the suppression of even the simple modus ponens inference 〔Byrne, R.M.J. (1989). Suppressing valid inferences with conditionals. ''Cognition'', 31,61-83〕 Participants given the conditional ''if Lisa has an essay to write then she studies late in the library'' and the premise ''Lisa has an essay to write '' make the modus ponens inference 'she studies late in the library', but the inference is suppressed when they are also given a second conditional ''if the library stays open then she studies late in the library''. Interpretations of the suppression effect are controversial 〔Bonnefon, J-F. & Hilton, D. (2002). The suppression of modus ponens as a case of pragmatic preconditional reasoning. ''Thinking and Reasoning'', 8, 21-40.〕〔Byrne, R.M.J., Espino, O. & Santamaria, C. (1999). Counterexamples and the suppression of inferences." Journal of Memory & Language", 40, 347-373.〕 Other investigations of propositional inference examine how people think about disjunctive alternatives, e.g., ''A or else B'', and how they reason about negation, e.g., ''It is not the case that A and B''. Many experiments have been carried out to examine how people make relational inferences, including comparisons, e.g., ''A is better than B''. Such investigations also concern spatial inferences, e.g. ''A is in front of B'' and temporal inferences, e.g. ''A occurs before B''.〔Johnson-Laird, P.N. and Byrne, R.M.J. (1991). Deduction. Hillsdale: Erlbaum〕 Other common tasks include categorical syllogisms, used to examine how people reason about quantifiers such as ''All'' or ''Some'', e.g., ''Some of the A are not B''.〔Johnson-Laird, P.N. (2006). "How we reason". Oxford: Oxford University Press〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「psychology of reasoning」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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